Based on the sorting of previous data and the re interpretation of geophysical data, this study identifies the concealed plutonic intrusion with the characteristics of deep rock mass, extracts the ring structure from high-precision remote sensing images, and reconstructs the regional formation model of duolong ore concentration. Since the late Jurassic, under the early arc magmatism in the southern margin of Qiangtang, arc magmatism began to occur in the duolong ore concentration area, forming OIB type basic intrusive rocks, and the deep rock mass was formed in the upper part of the crust. The continuous upward intrusion of magma led to the uplift of tiegeshan area and Jiushan area, accompanied by the formation of surface magma and the uplift of Jiushan area. With the continuous emplacement of magma, the surface brittle rocks break and form a series of ring structures around the deep body and radial structures around the intrusion center. The intersection part forms a stress weak zone, which provides spatial initial conditions for the later shallow spot magmatic position and mineralization. The geophysical and geochemical exploration contents involved in this paper are completed by the geological team, and the geophysical and geochemical data are completed by the geological team. The completion degree of the work is high and the data quality is good. It is submitted to the deep prospecting target area of duolong ore concentration area.
WANG Liqiang , SONG Yang
Carry out geophysical logging for scientific research deep drilling jmkz-1 in Jiama mining area, find out the physical properties of the main geological bodies in the mining area, divide the lithologic interface according to the logging curve, determine the depth and thickness of the ore (chemical) body, and interpret the distribution characteristics of the strata, rock bodies, ore (chemical) bodies and structures closely related to mineralization in depth in combination with the ground geophysical exploration data. The variation law of formation temperature in the whole hole section is statistically analyzed by using well temperature logging data.Geophysical logging is carried out below 1080m without casing in scientific research deep drilling jmkz-1. The logging parameters include three lateral resistivity, polarizability, magnetic susceptibility, natural gamma, natural potential and well temperature. Through the combination of various parameters, the physical properties of the main geological bodies in the mining area are basically found out, the depth and thickness of the ore (chemical) body are determined, and the variation law of formation temperature in the whole hole section is statistically analyzed by using well temperature logging data. From the whole hole section, the lithology changes from bottom to top from granite porphyry skarn silicified breccia, and the ore bearing property changes from local weak mineralization of granite porphyry in the lower part to giant thick skarn type ore body to local breccia type ore body in the upper part. This change characteristic reflects that in the process of emplacement of ore bearing porphyry from deep to upward, porphyry ore body or mineralized body is formed in deep porphyry mineralization, and skarn type extremely thick rich ore body is formed on the contact surface with hornrock. In the process of emplacement, squeezing rock stratum leads to fracture development in hornrock, and ore bearing hydrothermal fluid moves along the fracture to form local hornrock type ore body in hornrock.
HE Rizheng
Combining the revealed shallow geological and deep geophysical data in three-dimensional space for deep prediction can not only deepen the shallow understanding, but also reduce the problems caused by the multi solution of geophysics. It has become a new trend and important means of deep metallogenic prediction Taking the Wandongshan ore section of Beiya gold deposit as an example, the three-dimensional geological model of Wandongshan ore section is established in the three-dimensional modeling platform by collecting the data of drilling, exploration line section, geochemical exploration and geophysics; Based on the modeling results and integrating the surface, shallow and deep gravity data, the metallogenic geological conditions and deep metallogenic potential are studied and analyzed. Three metallogenic favorable elements of concealed fault, porphyry body and qingtianbao formation sandstone are selected, and the three-dimensional body model of metallogenic favorable area (sgrid) is established accordingly On this basis, the multi-source information synthesis method is adopted to collect the favorable metallogenic areas of three metallogenic control elements, and the deep target area within 1100 ~ 900 m above sea level in Wandongshan ore section is delineated, which provides a reference for the prediction of the deep target area of the surrounding same type of ore section
ZHOU Fang , WANG Liqiang
This subject takes the porphyry skarn epithermal copper polymetallic deposit in the important metallogenic belt of Tibet as the research object, and comprehensively investigates and studies the development characteristics of its deep magma, structure, fluid alteration and mineralization system based on the preliminary exploration and research results of important ore (concentration) areas, so as to effectively dissect the metallogenic system structure of key mining areas. This paper focuses on the fine anatomy of the coupling relationship between the ore controlling structure of duolong porphyry epithermal copper gold deposit and the magmatic mineralization alteration system formed from the late stage of ocean crust subduction to the stage of continental soft collision; At the same time, the formation, transformation and preservation mechanism of its metallogenic system are comprehensively studied to form a prospecting prediction demonstration. This paper dissects the three-dimensional structure of Beiya porphyry copper gold metallogenic system formed in the transformation stage of India Eurasia collision strike slip structure, so as to accurately grasp its metallogenic process and effectively realize the positioning prediction of deep ore bodies. The magma, hydrothermal evolution fluid migration metal precipitation mechanism and ore-forming fluid migration process of Jiama porphyry metallogenic system are dissected by means of traditional deposit science and non-traditional potassium and magnesium isotopes, so as to establish the magmatic fluid evolution model of the deposit and realize the prospecting prediction. Finally, based on the exploration results of Jiama Qulong ore concentration area, junuo, Xiongcun ore concentration area, zhaxikang cuonadong ore concentration area and duolong ore concentration area, the effective exploration technology and method combination of the metallogenic system of each key ore (concentration) area is integrated and formed into a demonstration.
WANG Liqiang
Based on the systematic study of deposit alteration, geological characteristics of mineralization, diagenetic and metallogenic age, source of diagenetic and metallogenic minerals, metallogenic background, geophysical survey and hyperspectral survey, a comprehensive exploration model of tiegelongnan, Jiama, Beiya, junuo and Zaxikang cuonadong deposits is established. The data involved in the geochemical model are completed by laboratories recognized in the industry, Geophysical and short wave infrared data are all completed by the entrusted geological team. The work completion degree is high and the data quality is good. The established deposit exploration model can better guide the future prospecting and exploration work, provide a theoretical basis for prospecting and exploration, and has a good application prospect.
WANG Liqiang
The Jiama porphyry copper deposit in Tibet is one of the proven ultra-large-scale copper deposits in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau at present, with the reserves of geological resources equivalent to nearly 20×106 t. However, it features wavy and steep terrain, leading to extremely difficult field operation and heavy interference. This study attempts to determine the effects of the tensor controlled-source audiomagnetotellurics (CSAMT) with high-power orthogonal signal sources (also referred to as the high-power tensor CSAMT) when it is applied to the deep geophysical exploration in plateaus with complex terrain and mining areas with strong interference. The test results show that the high current provided by the highpower tensor CSAMT not only greatly improved the signal-to-noise ratio but also guaranteed that effective signals were received in the case of a long transmitter-receiver distance. Meanwhile, the tensor data better described the anisotropy of deep geologic bodies. In addition, the tests also show that when the transmitting current reaches 60 A, it is still guaranteed that strong enough signals can be received in the case of the transmitter-receiver distance of about 25 km, sounding curves show no near field effect, and effective exploration depth can reach 3 km. The 2D inversion results are roughly consistent with drilling results, indicating that the high-power tensor CSAMT can be used to achieve nearly actual characteristics of underground electrical structures. Therefore, this method has great potential for application in deep geophysical exploration in plateaus and mining areas with complex terrain and strong interference, respectively. This study not only serves as important guidance on the prospecting in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau but also can be used as positive references for deep mineral exploration in other areas.
HE Rizheng
The Jiama deposit in Tibet is a very typical polymetallic deposit in the Gangdise metallogenic belt. Through theoretical prediction and research, it is believed that concealed porphyry-skarn ore bodies are developed in the deep part of the ore concentration area. However, the exploration model based on the borehole coverage of the mining area has a low degree of prediction of the potential target area in the peripheral area. In this paper, based on the density, magnetic properties, resistivity, and polarizability data of 45 borehole cores in the Jiama deposit, we inverted and analyzed the three-dimensional magnetotelluric sounding data volume covering the Jiama deposit and its periphery. At the same time, based on the GOCAD software platform, through discrete smooth interpolation and stochastic simulation algorithms, we constructed the stratum lithology-geophysical three-dimensional visualization integrated model of the Jiama deposit. Combining the results of 2D geological interpretation of 13 magnetotelluric (MT) profiles, we have finely depicted the development characteristics of 3D skarn bodies below 3000m, and verified them with the Jiama Scientific Deep Drill JMKZ-1 well, which was not involved in the modeling, and the results show a consistency agreement. Besides, by combining the skarn metallogenic model, analyzing the characteristics of the electrical parameters of the Jiama deposit and adjacent areas, and combining the electrical characteristics of the three-dimensional skarn, we predict the favorable skarn metallogenic area and Target area. The results of this study provide a reference for the evaluation of deep resource potential and the goal of increasing reserves in the mining area.
HE Rizheng
Taking Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area as an example, a set of active and passive source electromagnetic / seismological joint survey technologies which is suitable for deep ore prospecting less than 3km deep is constructed. The detection results of active and passive electromagnetic sources have been verified by method of borehole physical properties, log data of Jiama 3km scientific drilling and tunnel IP anomaly. In addition, based on the preliminary verification of zegulang borehole physical properties within Jiama ore concentration area, Mogulang target area and one concealed ore body area are preliminarily proposed in this study. Using passive-source electromagnetic detection and high-frequency ambient noise surface-wave tomography of short-period dense array, it is revealed that there is a high-resistance and high-velocity anomaly body (temporarily defined as unravel porphyr deposite in Muchang area) exceeding the scale of geophysical anomaly of Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area. Combined with the results of other projects, Jiama and Qulong ore concentration areas and rock geophysical models, the unravel porphyr deposite in Muchang area has the characteristics of porphyry mineralization. Several high-conductor bodies are found under 5km deep between Qulong and Jiama and provide ore-forming material sources for the upper rock mass. Therefore, Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area has the potential conditions for a large resource base. Based on the comprehensive analysis of shallow and crustal S-wave velocity structure and receiver function obtained from passive source observation, the three large rock masses (Jiama, Muchang and Qulong) have common deep metallogenic background conditions. Taking N29.5 ° as the boundary, the crustal structure in the south is complex, which have characteristics as northward diping Moho, and obvious doublet Moho. And, the crust structure in the north is clearly simple, as relatively horizontal Moho. Due to strongly northward collision of Indian platin the south, the crustal structure changes obviously. There is an obvious interface below Moho in the northern region. Combined with the existing data, it is comprehensively speculated that the Jiama-Qulong ore concentration area locates in the key position of difference decoupling between the crust and lithospheric mantle and of Indian plat northward subducted beneath Gandese zone.
HE Rizheng
The study of magmatic mixing is of great significance to reveal the interaction between crust and mantle and to explore the process of diagenesis and mineralization. Jiama mining area is located in the eastern section of Gangdise metallogenic belt. It is a super large porphyry skarn type copper polymetallic deposit. Dark inclusions are widely developed in the medium acid magmatic rocks in the mining area. Detailed petrography, rock geochemistry, Sr Nd isotope geochemistry and U-Pb isotope geochronology are carried out for the diorite inclusions in the dark inclusions in order to find out the genesis of the rocks, It provides enlightenment for magmatic mixing and mineralization, and improves the Jiama diagenesis and mineralization model. The analysis and testing of major and trace elements in rocks were completed in Beijing Institute of geology of nuclear industry. Zircon U-Pb isotopic dating was completed in the deposit geochemical microanalysis room of the State Key Laboratory of geological processes and mineral resources of China University of Geosciences (Beijing). The laser denudation system used for isotopic dating is the geolas193 excimer solid injection system made in the United States, ICP-MS is a Thermo Fisher X Series II quadrupole plasma mass spectrometer produced in the United States. Good data quality.
ZHANG Zebin , WANG Liqiang
1) Data content: the data in this report is the EPMA data and calculation results of different types of biotite in Bangpu deposit, which is a systematic summary of the geochemical characteristics of biotite in porphyry metallogenic system. 2) After drilling, the sample is processed, and the source of the sample and the relevant data are calculated by combining the chemical probe and the experience. 3) Data quality review: the samples are collected according to typical samples, and the sample test refers to the laboratory analysis specifications and technical requirements. The data results are finally published in the form of papers and peer review. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the systematic summary of the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of biotite in Bangpu mining area preliminarily reveals the exploration indication significance of biotite, which is helpful to finally construct the index mineral exploration evaluation model.
LIN Bin , TANG Pan
1) Data content: the data in this report is the electron probe data and calculation results of different types of pyrrhotite in Jiama mining area. It is a systematic summary of the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of pyrrhotite in different output states of porphyry metallogenic system. 2) After drilling, the sample is processed, and the source of the sample and the relevant data are calculated by combining the chemical probe and the experience. 3) Data quality review: the samples are collected according to typical samples, and the sample test refers to the laboratory analysis specifications and technical requirements. The data results are finally published in the form of papers and peer review. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: a systematic summary of the mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of pyrrhotite in Jiama mining area, which preliminarily reveals the coupling relationship between pyrrhotite and gold mineralization and the significance of exploration indication, which is conducive to the final construction of the index mineral exploration and evaluation model.
LIN Bin , YANG Yang
1) Data content: the data in this report involves the structural anatomy of Jiama porphyry metallogenic system and the geological logging information of key boreholes, the detailed alteration and mineralization characteristics of each ore body, as well as the technical methods of scientific deep drilling and deep resource exploration. It is the summary and refinement of deep resource exploration technology and methods, and has passed the expert review and acceptance. 2) Data source and processing: among them, the geological information of construction boreholes is mainly from the detailed geological logging in the field. Accurate mineralization information of boreholes comes from basic rock analysis data. CSAMT data comes from the measured data of other topics. It refers to the laboratory analysis and detection of mineral sources. 3) Comment on data quality: among them, the geochemical analysis data of borehole rocks are subject to the quality inspection of internal and external inspection in the laboratory and meet the relevant technical requirements. Other indoor research data (EPMA data) strictly refer to the test requirements and specifications and meet the quality requirements. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the positioning and prediction method of deep resources in Jiama mining area can effectively predict deep high-grade resources. At the same time, it provides theoretical support for the breakthrough of deep and peripheral prospecting in the mining area and provides a reference basis for regional exploration and evaluation.
LIN Bin
1) Data content: the data in this report mainly includes the thermal infrared and short wave infrared spectrum data of typical boreholes in Jiama mining area. It is the systematic hyperspectral measurement data of the typical section of Jiama porphyry metallogenic system. 2) Data source and processing: the data source is the direct measurement of field front-line instruments. Among them, the short wave infrared spectrum data is measured by fieldspec4 spectrometer produced by American ASD company, and the thermal infrared spectrum is measured by American Agilent 4300 thermal infrared spectrometer. 3) Data quality review: among them, the spectral data measurement is carried out according to the design requirements, and the spectral geologist is adopted ™ (TSG spectral geology expert) analysis software combined with microscopic identification, analysis and processing. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the hyperspectral data of Jiama mining area is a systematic summary of the spectral data of Jiama thick and large skarn ore body, and a typical spectral exploration model is established, which is helpful to be applied to the exploration and evaluation of similar skarn deposits.
LIN Bin , DAI Jingjing
1) Data content: the geological, structural and alteration information of Jiama mining area is a map drawn based on the typical geological information exposed by the open pit in Jiama mining area. 2) Data source and processing: the geological data source is the field first-line geological mapping. The specific mapping content involves a variety of information, such as structural interpretation, alteration zoning, mineral zoning, fracture occurrence drawing and so on. Finally, it can well reveal the coupling relationship between alteration and mineralization of Jiama porphyry metallogenic system. 3) Data quality review: the data has been reviewed indoor and rearranged. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: Nankeng ore block reveals in detail the control mechanism of multi-stage fold deformation on skarn type alteration and mineralization in the sliding nappe structural system. The Qianshan ore block focuses on revealing the spatial distribution relationship of skarn at the contact boundary of different lithostratigraphic units and the control mechanism of fold deformation and rock mass emplacement.
LIN Bin , TANG Pan
1) Data content: the data in this report is the rock geochemical analysis data of Jiama 3000m scientific deep drilling (main quantity + micro quantity), which is the data disclosure of detailed mineralization information of 3000m scientific deep drilling. 2) Data source and processing: data source: direct sample collection, cutting, crushing and rough grinding of field drilling, and final analysis in the laboratory. 3) Data quality review: the sample collection fully meets the relevant technical requirements. The sample test refers to the national geochemical analysis specifications and technical requirements, passes the internal and external inspection, and the final report passes the expert review and acceptance. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the geochemical analysis data of Jiama mining area is a systematic summary of Jiama scientific deep drilling data, which is helpful to establish a typical geochemical exploration model.
LIN Bin
1) Data content: this data mainly refers to the 3000m scientific deep drilling construction in Jiama mining area, Tibet, involving various equipment and technical parameter information, including construction design, drilling structure, construction process, quality and safety assurance, etc. This data is the first field first-line data of 3000m scientific deep drilling for solid mineral exploration in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau. It is the first-line data to summarize and improve the construction technology of scientific deep drilling in alpine and anoxic areas, and supports the implementation of other scientific deep drilling in deep exploration projects. 2) Data source and processing method: the data in this report is summarized and condensed under the close cooperation and discussion between the Institute of mineral resources of the Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, the project leader, and the Third Geological Brigade of Shandong Geological and mineral exploration and Development Bureau, the implementation unit of deep drilling, combined with the actual geological conditions of Jiama mining area and the first-hand data in the actual construction process from 2019 to 2020. 3) Data quality review: the data in this report are all from the field front-line data, and have passed the review and acceptance of the project team and experts. 4) Data application achievements and prospects: the achievements of Jiama scientific deep drilling construction technology are a fine summary of the first 3000m scientific deep drilling construction technology of solid minerals in the Qinghai Tibet Plateau, and also a reference standard for the implementation of deep drilling in other deep projects. At the same time, it also provides solid technical support for subsequent deep resource exploration.
LIN Bin , TANG Juxing
The fossil records of large amphicyonids in Asia are rare and fragmentary, and their evolution and dispersal are also unclear. Here we present new dental material from Laogou, Linxia Basin, Gansu Province, belonging to the Hujialiang Formation, Middle Miocene. The new material is very similar to Amphicyon zhanxiangi from the Dingjia’ergou fauna of the Zhang’enbao Formation, Tongxin, Ningxia, and can be referred to this species. It is younger than the Tongxin material and differs from the latter by having better-distinguished cusps in upper molars, supporting this species is probably the ancestor to the omnivorous Arctamphicyon found in the Siwaliks, Yuanmou, and the Lower Irrawaddy. This lineage might immigrate to southern and southeastern Asia by the Late Miocene, and adapted to an increasing omnivorous diet due to more available plant material in tropical and subtropical regions.
QIGAO Jiangzuo
The Qaidam Basin is a key area for understanding the paleoenvironmental and faunal history of the Tibetan Plateau. The fossil schizothoracine fish, Hsianwenia wui, evolved extraordinarily thickened bones to adapt to the aridification of the Qaidam Basin during the Pliocene. However, the nature of the bone thickening itself remains elusive. To promote the further investigation of the physiological mechanism of the pachyostosis and the phylogenetic interrelationships of Hsianwenia and all relevant cyprinids, here we present a comprehensive morphological study of Hsianwenia. We have new information on the anterior part of the cranial cavity, a large supraneural 3 in the Weberian apparatus, numerous procurrent caudal fin rays supported by the preural centrum (Pu) 5, and a neural arch on Pu2. We also find the differentiated pattern of the bone-thickening: the pachyostosis exists in the endoskeleton but not in the dermal skeleton; it is more obvious in ventral bones than in dorsal ones, when the thickening is present in the dorsally and ventrally grouped endoskeletal bones (e.g., the epineural and epipleural intermuscular bones). Considering the integrity of musculoskeletal system manipulating the chewing activities, we suspect that the thickened pharyngeal jaws and the hard food processing might be associated with the unique hind protrusion (cleithral “humeral” process) of the dermal pectoral girdle of Hsianwenia.
WU Feixiang
The river steepness index, concavity index, drainage area, hypsometric integral, erosion coefficient, erosion rate, precipitation and other Geomorphological data of Qilian Shan basins are extracted and collected. Where the river steepness index and concavity index were extracted based on the SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) 3 arc-seconds DEM data, the catchment erosion rate are from Palumbo et al. (2010) and Palumbo et al. (2011), and the precipitation data is from Geng et al. (2017). In order to increase the credibility of the data, the range of the river steepness index of each basin is given when the confidence is 95%. The data laid a foundation for the analysis of the relationship between the geomorphic characteristics and the tectonic framework of Qilian Shan.
HU Xiaofei, ZHANG Yanan
The data include the carbonate content, carbon isotope and oxygen isotope analysis results of inorganic carbonates of 79 samples from 850 m natural section of the middle late Eocene in the salkuli basin. The carbon and oxygen isotopes of carbonate in the sediments record the hydrological and vegetation information in the geological history, which is one of the main indicators of paleoenvironmental tracer research. After grinding and sieving, the carbon and oxygen isotope analysis is completed by the sample processing unit (carbonate device) and MAT252 isotope mass spectrometry online automatic online system. The analytical accuracy of the sample is: carbon isotope is better than ± 0.06 ‰, and oxygen isotope is better than ± 0.08 ‰. Through the analysis of carbon and oxygen isotope data of solkuli section, the evolution history of arid environment since Eocene can be reconstructed, and the paleoclimate effect of the Tibetan Plateau uplift and global climate change can be discussed.
SUN Jimin
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